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- v.78(1); 2024
- PMC10928682
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Med Arch. 2024; 78(1): 9–11.
PMCID: PMC10928682
PMID: 38481590
Haslinda Haslinda1 and Yunita Sari Pane2
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer
Abstract
Background:
Typhoid fever is an acute disease caused by Salmonella typhimurium that can invade the liver and cause symptoms of hepatomegaly,jaundice.Biochemically, these symptoms can be assessed by seeing the SGPT and SGOT levels increase. Pirdot Leaf is an herbal plant found in the Toba area of North Sumatra which has a lot of bioactive potential,namely flavonoids,steroids, saponins. Flavonoids are active substances that can overcome the inflammatory process, it is expected that the administration of Pirdot leaf extract can reduce levels of SGOT and SGPT in mice induced Salmonella Typhimurium.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol extract of pirdot leaves on SGPT and SGOT values in rat models induced by Salmonella typhimurium. Methods: This study used 32 samples divided into four groups namely: Normal group, Negative group, Positive group and Treatment group. Results: The results were obtained for normal control SGPT (27,85) negative control (37,80) positive control (27,30) and for Dick treatment (26,21). The results of the study for SGPT obtained normal control (73,18), negative control (120,23), positive control (92,89), and treatment control (78,68).
Conclusion:
Giving ethanol extract of pirdot leaves effect on reducing SGPT and SGOT levels in wistar strain mice induced Salmonella typhimurium.
Keywords: Pirdot leaf extract, SGOT, SGPT, Flavonoid, Salmonella typhimurium
1. BACKGROUND
Typhoid fever is an acute endemic disease that often occurs in tropical regions is highly associated with the occurrence of high morbidity and mortality (1), specially Salmonella typhi can only affect humans, so the infection comes from contact with other humans, either sick people or healthy carriers of the bacteria (2). Diseases caused by salmonella is not uncommon will invade the liver which will lead to hepatomegaly, jaundice and changes in the levels of SGOT and SGPT in serum (3). In liver damage SGPT value is a specific parameter, as for the SGOT value, it is not specific as a parameter of liver damage, since it is, also, present in cases of myocardial infarction, muscle necrosis, kidney, brain and intravascular hemolysis (4).
The use of antibiotics that are not regular and often used prolonged cause resistance to these bacteria it is hoped that the pirdot leaf extract will improve the inflammation that occurs caused by salmonella bacteria (5). efforts to find alternatives for the treatment of infection one of them is using traditional medicines derived from plants.
The use of natural ingredients is because there are still many plants in Indonesia that contain natural ingredients that can work as anti- inflammatory, namely flavonoids, tannins, steroids, polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins (6, 7).
The previous study stated that the content of phytochemicals in ethanol leaf extract S. Vulcani has an anti-inflammatory effect with an increase in the number of lymphocytes and can protect the liver from damage caused by salmonella bacteria (8). This literature review to determine the effect of pirdot leaf extract on salmonella infection seen from liver function on SGOT and SGPT levels.
Table 1.
Group division and treatment of experimental animals.
| Group | description | treatment |
|---|---|---|
| I | Normal control | Days 1-14 are not treated |
| II | Negative control | Administration of CMC Na day 1-14, Day 4 injection S.typhi |
| III | Positive control | Administration Day 1-14 imbost+CMC Na Day 4 injection S.typhi |
| IV | Treatment Control | Administration Day 1-14 extract+CMC Na Day 4 injection S.typhi |
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2. OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol extract of pirdot leaves on SGPT and SGOT values in rat models induced by Salmonella typhimurium.
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Location and time of the research
The timing of the study was carried out in February 2023. The experiment was conducted in the Lab of the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra. For the measurement of SGOT and SGPT levels were conducted in the integrated Lab of the Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra. Pirdot leaves were sent to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and plant identification tests were carried out.
Materials
This study used white rats (Rattus novergicus strain wistar) obtained from breeders of white rats. Male rats, aged 6-12 weeks with a body weight of 120-200 grams of 32 heads.The rats were divided into 4 groups, each sample of 8 (9).
These mice have been treated to become s-infected model mice S.typhimurium. The preparation of Salmonella typhi bacteria suspension begins with a preliminary study to obtain the optical density (OD) value of 0.1 which is read directly using spectrophotometry by inserting 1cc of solution into the cuvet and using a wavelength of 600 nm. Making pirdot leaf extract as much as 500 grams of pirdot leaf powder extracted by solvent maceration technique used is ethanol 96% as much as 5 liters after extracted obtained dose (500mg/body weight of rats) (10), sampling on the 15th day, rats dinarcose with chloroform. The mouse that will be dissected is placed on the board. Surgery begins with opening the abdominal skin followed by opening the thoracic cavity. Blood will be taken as much as @500ul intracardiac then will be stored in vacutainer EDTA .
Measurement of SGOT and SGPT
The frozen blood Serum of mice was thawed first to assess the levels of SGPT and SGOT using photometric methods. Then, 25µl serum sample will be added 250µl mono reagent SGPT / SGOT , and stirred until hom*ogeneous and allowed to stand for 50 seconds, after which the solution will be measured using a portable photometer Microlab 300 LX and every minute for 150 seconds will be read the absorption in the wavelength of 340 nm and temperature 37 C, after which the difference in absorption is calculated every minute (11).
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data processing for SGOT and SGPT because the ratio scale data is normality test first and followed by one Way ANOVA test then followed by Post Hoc (12). Results of SGPT and SGOT levels in s-infected mice. typhi after being done after giving pirdot leaf extract showed a decrease in SGPT and SGOT levels. The results of penelitisn seen in Table 2.
Table 2.
Average levels of SGPT and SGOT difference in rat blood.
| Group | Average rate of difference | Average rate of difference |
|---|---|---|
| SGOT(UI/L) ± SD | SGPT (UI/L) ± SD | |
| I | 73,18 ± 11,38 | 27,85 ± 8,86 |
| II | 120,23 ±36,57 | 37,80 ± 8,70 |
| III | 92,89 ±13,72 | 27,30 ± 3,68 |
| IV | 78,68 ±14,90 | 26,21 ± 3,82 |
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From the above data it can be seen that for Group I, the normal group that was not given treatment, obtained an average value of SGOT (73.18 ±11.38) and SGPT (27.85 ± 8.86), for Group II, the negative group, the group that was only induced by Salmonella typhimurium SGOT (120.23 ± 36.57) and SGPT (37.80 ± 8.70), there was an increase indicating damage to the liver4. In Group III which is a positive group obtained the value of SGOT (92.89 ±13.72) and SGPT(27.30 ± 3.68), and the last IS group IV which is a group of certification given pirdot extract obtained the results of SGOT (78.68 ±14.90) and SGPT (26.21 ± 3.82). From these data it can be seen that the group given imboost® there was an improvement in the mean value of SGOT and SPGT,with a decrease in the negative group that was only induced by Salmonella, but the decrease in the mean value was not as good as pirdot leaves which saw the average value of SGOT and SGPT decreased and approached the average value in normal controls (controls that were not given treatment). Anova test for the average value of SGOT obtained significance value < of 0,05 that is 0,01 it can be concluded that the average value differs significantly between groups while for SGPT obtained significance value > of 0,05, that is 0,06 it can be concluded that the average value between groups is not significantly different.
The data above shows that there is a significant difference in Group I with Group II with significance value < 0.05, namely at SGOT (0,001) SGPT (0,031) the same thing is also seen in groups II and IV there is a significant difference with the significance value of SGOT (0,003) and SGPT (0,010). Based on the above data, it appears that significantly different for the negative group with rats given ethanol extract of pirdot leaves.
Table 3.
Differences in each treatment group based on the value of significance (Post Hoc)
| Group | SGOT | SGPT |
|---|---|---|
| I vs II | 0,001 | 0,031 |
| I vs III | 0,286 | 0,998 |
| I vs IV | 0,957 | 0,962 |
| II vs III | 0.078 | 0,021 |
| II vs IV | 0,003 | 0,010 |
| III vs IV | 0,563 | 0,998 |
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From the previous theory can be proved that in patients with typhoid fever there may be an increase in SGOT and SGPT levels. Increased levels of SGOT and SGPT caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria into the human body and has infected the organs of the human body (heart, kidney, liver and ileum) (13, 14).
The treatment group giving pirdot leaf extract gave significantly better improvements in SGOT and SGPT levels compared to the positive group giving imboost®. Pirdot leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, steroids and alkaloids.
The active components that act as anti- inflammatory in salmonella infection contained in pirdot leaves are flavonoids (15). The compound has antioxidant activity that plays a role in inhibiting Salmonella typhimurium- induced liver damage. 4 in line with Oriana’s research, 2021 the administration of ethanol extract of Devil root (Martynia annua L) to SGPT and SGOT activity in CCl4-induced mice can reduce SGOT and SGPT levels (16).
5. CONCLUSION
Salmonella typhimuriaum induction for 14 days can increase SGOT and SGPT levels in rats with the administration of Pirdot leaf extract (Saurauia vulcani Korth ) 500mg in Salmonella- induced rats can have a significant effect on the reduction of SGOT and SGPT levels compared imboost®.
Author’s contribution:
We gave substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work in the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work. HH had a part in article preparing for drafting or revising it critically for important intellectual content. YSP gave final approval of the version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Conflicts of interest:
There are no conflicts of interest.
Financial support and sponsorship:
None.
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